Friday, December 27, 2019

Ib Biology Enzymes Ia - 1414 Words

Biology Enzymes IA Design Introduction: Enzymes are globular proteins, they are responsible for most of the chemical activities of a living organism. They act as catalysts, substances that affects the reaction of other substances without being destroyed or altered during the process. They are extremely efficient in the body system of living organisms, one enzyme may catalyse over a thousand chemical reactions every second. But there are certain conditions that need to be fulfilled in order for the enzymes to work. Temperature of the environment must be correct for each enzyme because different enzymes will have different temperature ranges in which they can live. pH levels in the environment must also be correct because if the†¦show more content†¦Repeat this for all of the test tubes. Use the stopwatch to count 10 minutes and observe the amount of bubbles being released from the bubbles. After 10 minutes have passed, record amount of bubbles released in each test tube. Pour the hydrogen peroxide and dump the was te material unto the sink and throw away leaf discs, rinse all the test tubes. Record all observed data. This is the experiment Repeat the experiment but instead of using red apples again, use the different vegetables that has been previously prepared. Test tube rack Test tube rack 5Ãâ€"1Ãâ€"1cm potato with 3% hydrogen peroxide 5Ãâ€"1Ãâ€"1cm potato with 3% hydrogen peroxide Test tube Test tube Labeled Diagram: Data Collection and Processing Raw Data Table: Table 1: Amount of bubbles released from each test tube Processed Data Table: Table 2: Mean and standard deviation of amount of bubbles released from each test tube Graph: *Error bars represent the uncertainty of the bubble count of the experiment. Processed Data: Sample calculation of mean amount of bubbles produced: Where: Ex = Sum of all values n = Number of Values Where: Ex = Sum of all values n = Number of Values Formula: Mean= ∈ xn Calculation (Potato): 24+19+28+17+315 = 1195 = 23.80 Mean of potato = 23.80 Sample calculation of the standard deviation of amount of bubbles produced: Where: E = Sum of X =Show MoreRelatedHow Does The Consumption Of A Particular Energy Drink ( Red Bull ) Affect A Human s Heart Rate2211 Words   |  9 PagesIB Biology Cheyenne Cosman Dr. Sigworth March 28, 2015 Heart Rate IA Research Question How does the consumption of a particular energy drink (Red Bull) affect a human’s heart rate during exercise? Bakground Information The human heart has four chambers: two thin-walled atria, which receive blood, and two thick-walled ventricles, which pump blood. While veins carry blood into the atria, arteries carry blood away from ventricles. The atria and ventricles work collaboratively, alternatingRead MoreBIOLOGY GRADE 11 NOTES Essay examples6702 Words   |  27 Pagesï » ¿Biology Grade 11 Exam Study Guide Diversity Taxonomic Categories Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Hierarchy From most general to most specific Binomial Nomenclature System used to identify all organisms on Earth Identifies an organism by its genus and species (ex. Humans-homo sapiens) Developed by Linnaeus in the 18th century Identifying Species 3 methods: Morphology ïÆ'   Form and shape ïÆ'   It is simple but there are natural variations in population Read More Malignant Melanoma Essay4346 Words   |  18 Pageswidespread disease is also appropriate. The more common patient has an early melanoma, and extensive testing is not usually warranted. Routine testing in this situation involves a complete blood count, a chest x ray, and determinations of blood enzymes including lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. If the patient has signs or symptoms of more advanced disease, or if the lesions depth of penetration is sizeable, further imaging studies may be appropriate. These would involve CAT scansRead MoreDevelopment Of The Mammary Gland9524 Words   |  39 PagesUnion Against Cancer (UICC) system. Staging based on the TNM classification system evaluates tumor size (â€Å"T†), presence of cancer cells within local lymph nodes (â€Å"N†) and tumor metastasis (â€Å"M†) (see table IA ). The UICC further groups the TNM data into the stages listed in the table below (Table IB). Neither of stage systems is inaccurate. Thus, to improve the TNM system, a separate pathological/histological classification has been added to allowing better predict both breast cancer free and overall

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Public Schools All Over America - 975 Words

Words are extremely powerful. In America today, we have the First Amendment that protects our freedom of speech but, just because you are able to say something doesn t mean that you should. The majority of people have heard the saying, â€Å"think twice before you speak.† This saying is important because you never know when your words will offend someone even if you had no intentions to do so. Two simple words have created a controversy in public schools all over America. These words are, â€Å"Merry Christmas.† Many of us might not even think twice about saying these words to others during the holiday season but, it has been a debate in public schools on whether it is right or wrong because it promotes a specific religion and negates other religions. An article by The Texas Tribune, written by Morgan Smith, announced that â€Å"Merry Christmas† is officially okay to say in Texas public schools. The controversy erupted when cheerleaders of East Texas High School were told that they were not able to carry signs that displayed bible verses on them. A new law was formed in Texas that allowed schools to put up Christmas oriented decorations and menorahs on school property as long as the decorations included more than one religion and did not encourage a particular religious belief. In â€Å"Reflections on Religion† Voltaire discusses the importance of religious tolerance between people. He would agree with Texas’s new law because public schools have to be tolerant of all religions andShow MoreRelatedU.s School Food Regulation For Public Schools Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican public schools have poor nutrition, and it causes obesity in teenagers. As a former student of the American public school systems, the condition of the food has been a problem for years. Over the past two decades, obesity has been an issue in the U.S, and it is due to poor school nutrition. 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It has gone from having school for a selection of students held in the schoolmaster’s house, to every child going to school five days a week to a school building that can be anything from a small one story building to a large campus of school buildings. Current education in America can be considered very organized, and a large improvement. Education in the America’s past was very different than it is today, and has undergone many changes. BothRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind1693 Words   |  7 Pages​The United States of America is among the countries in the world that highly focus on the education of its citizens. The country’s government allots sufficient funding for its educat ion, thus the country is considered the number one nation that spends on per student than any other nation in in the world. With the high price of education and the high cost of funding, the country aims to ensure that all public schools in all states achieve quality education. 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The schools that are academically acceptable are schools that have more money than the schools that are not. One might conclude that because of this, schools that are not academically acceptable are failing due to the fact that they do not have the right resources necessary to pass end of the year tests. There are numerous reasons put forth from researchers who want to look into why our public schools are failing. In my opinion, the singleRead MoreAvah Sherman. Professor Highfill. Engl 1304. 1 May 2017.1532 Words   |  7 PagesAvah Sherman Professor Highfill ENGL 1304 1 May 2017 The declining value of education in America Since the end of the Cold War, there have been a number of changes that have occurred globally. The mobile communication and internet technology has exposed this world to the new avenues of possibilities. With the advent of globalization, a borderless world has started to emerge, and the significance and demand of the education in this new world education has grown even more. The United States andRead MoreEssay on America’s Children Deserve Charter Schools1544 Words   |  7 Pageseducation has been in the forefront over the last few decades. Many, including politicians have attempted to tackle what seemed to be a hopeless situation. With all the corruption and bureaucracy within the system, it is unlikely that this problem will be resolved anytime soon. However, there is hope amidst all this, and that is charter schools. Charter schools impact education by having passionate teachers who truly care for their students’ well-being, use up-to-date school methodology, are able to function

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Organizational Modelling

Questions: 1. Critically evaluate the purpose, components, and functions of business models with reference to both traditional and newer sustainable or technology driven models in a contemporary organization. In your answer discuss how traditional and newer sustainable, or technology driven business models may differ from each other. 2. Analyse and compare the business model of Alibaba with that of a traditional retailer such as Farmers Trading store OR Briscoes, explain Alibabas complexities and the ways in which it uses technology to generate revenue. Answers: (1). What is a business model? A business model is nothing but the method of doing business in to generate revenue from the customers. It just narrates the way in which the business works. This model includes the A to Z about the business ranging from the investment, the target audience, the marketing strategy, production techniques, partnership information and revenue generation. The term business model made its first appearance in an academic article that was published in the year 1957 ("What Is the Purpose of a Business Model? 2016). The business model contemplates the market in every angle possible that it must be sure of it in theory before investing actual money on the business. The business models have clear description of what the business sells or offers, who the consumers are and what they require to be satisfied. Purpose of a business model The purpose of a business model is to determine how the business would operate and result in making money for the investors. It should consider who the customers are and how the revenue is generated. This serves as an official document that carries all the necessary information of the company and its functions. The business models are all about creating a demand and a value for the target audience in the market ("Business Model: What It Is and What It Is Not", 2016). The people who run the business must know their customers and the model are to be made with respect to the preferences of the consumers. Knowing the key business processes that are involved in the business is of primary importance. The business must have some uniqueness in the competitive market. The propositions that the business has must be strong enough to sustain among the competitors. This would determine the degree of your importance among the consumers (Osterwalder Pigneur, 2013). The purpose of the business mode l is to achieve the objective of the business. Components of the business model The various components of a business model are the resources people, knowledge, technology and other assets which assist the business activities. The resources like raw materials and finance are the foremost components of a business. Manpower is the next component which executes the goal of the business. Nowadays technology has become a vital component of the business model and has made the business smarter, faster and perfect (Osawa, 2016). There are many assets like websites; machineries, technological tools and storehouse also form the important components of the business model. A business has several processes involved in its operations like acquirement of goods, establishing a store for showcasing it to the consumers, fixing prices and thus selling. There should be enough thought put out in the business model to create a demand for the products or services through proper marketing among the customers. The audience would never go for the products unless they are attracted towards it in some way. The partners of the business like dealers, suppliers, delivery men are also considered as the valuable components of the business model etc. (Lunquist, 2009). Above all, knowledge is considered to be the inevitable component of the business model. Unless there is knowledge and creativity, a business cannot survive. Clearly, there must be some innovation to stand out from the crowd of businesses that rise and fall in the market. Functions of the Business Model There are many functions of a business model. The business model creates value for the users of the product. It also identifies a market segment which is useful to the consumers. It defines the structure of the value chain needed by the firm. It specifies the methods to generate revenue for the firm. The cost structure and the profit potential for the product are estimated by using the value proposition and the value chain structure. It identifies the competitors in the market and also shows the position of the firm with the knowledge of suppliers and customers. Moreover it helps in formulating a new strategy to overcome the rivals in the field (Zhou, 2013). Traditional business model Traditional business models lacked the usage of technology and communication. Formerly, the business models were not much sophisticated. It was like bait and hook business model or razor and blades business model. In this model one product is sold at a low price and another product is sold as a complementary good or freebee. For example, razors and blades. Razors were the baits and blades were the hooks (Hedman Kalling, 2003). The customers could be enticed to buy the product by giving them the product for a free trial. Tying was another model in which the customers are tied to buy an undesired product along with their desired product. For example, a low quality pencil with a washing soap. Technology driven business model The traditional way of doing business slowly changed with the emergence of advanced technology and communication. It improved the productivity and efficiency of the business. Of late, all businesses adapted the change brought in by the information technology and the internet. The technology enables the customers as well as the businesses to access to a lot of data and information. The business models for the music recording and news industries were changed completely because of the internet. Many traditional businesses failed because of the entry of dot.com in the 20th centuries (Gilbert, Henske McGahan, 2010). Today business planning, marketing, shipping and communication are made efficient with the use of technology. Difference between traditional and technology driven business models Traditional business model was designed for a longer time. But the change in the technology is so fast that the technology driven business model has to be changed very often, at least once in six month. The technology has brought lots of benefits for the management such as minimizing the cost of production and maximizing the profit. In the beginning of the early twentieth century, the business people used landline phones and posts to communicate with the customers (Osterwalder, 2004). But nowadays instant messaging is possible through various technical tools like email, mobiles and couriers. The image of the products is accessed by the customers for verification through mobile and the customers orders are delivered the next day through courier. This was not possible in the traditional business model (Chesbrough, 2010). All businesses have to adapt to the change in the technology to survive in the competitive business market. (2). Alibaba an online retailer Alibaba Group Holding Ltd is a private Chinese ecommerce giant that tops the business market in retailing. It is an online retailer in China but the biggest online retail company in the world when taken into account the immense business that is being handled in the website. This company has more than 350 million active users as of 2015. The Alibaba can be explained as a perfect blend of websites such as Amazon, eBay and Paypal with Chinese characteristics. The model of business that Alibaba handles is that it does not acquire any sort of good from the suppliers but acts the role of a middleman and just connects the customers with the sellers. This can be compared very much to the eBays business model. The business model of this company comprises three web portals such as Alibaba, Taobao and Tmall (Johnson, Christensen Kagermann, 2008). All these websites are ecommerce website just connecting the various types of buyers with the sellers. Taobao is one of the biggest websites of Aliba ba in which there are nearly a billion products and a whopping sum of 7 million sellers in this website alone. The highlight of Taobao is that merchants selling their products in this website need not pay any money to sell their products over the website. Instead they have to pay Alibaba for the purposes of advertising. This model is targeted for small merchants and Tmall on the other hand is for bigger companies where even Apple opened a store recently ("India Suppliers, Factories, Traders, Manufacturers from the worlds largest online B2B marketplace-Alibaba.com", 2016). Tmall had an annual promotional day to reward buyers with discounts called the singles day in 2009 and it was a humongous hit. This model is much like that of eBays. The sellers pay a small amount to the company so as to have listings and have access to tools like checking the number of visitors for their listings, page views and reviews placed by the customers and so on. The website also earns revenue through onli ne payment portals. The key point that needs to be noted is that Alibaba does not have warehouses of any sorts and only handles the website alone. The other important element in the business model of Alibaba is its relationship with Baidu, a leading search engine in China. This search engine would not show any results from Taobao and Tmall as it blocks the Baidus spider from indexing the sites. This way, the shoppers have to no other choice but to go directly to the website to see check their product needs. This is how Alibaba generates revenues through online advertising as the search results have ads on the side of the websites in Taobao and Tmall (Gupta Bijlani, 2012). Briscoe on the other hand is one of the biggest retail companies in New Zealand. The Head Quarters of this is situated in Auckland. The main retailing that it does includes home wares and sporting goods in its stores al around New Zealand. The physical retailing is one of the most difficult fields to survive in currently with the advent of ecommerce and online retail stores. Even if it manages to struggle through there are numerous competitors that are already having huge successes before them. This company is associated with nearly 50+ brands that come from a variety of suppliers and dealers ("Alibaba Group", 2016). The company was established in the 1970s and with that it has generated a whole lot of consumer base with its authenticity. Even though this is a publically listed company most of the shares are owned by RA Duke Trust. This business model was purely based on the perspective of the consumers and the value creation with innovations in the home wares and the sporting goods. Rodney Duke was the person who took the company when it was in huge loss in the year 1980 and made it profitable in the coming years (Fernando, 2016). He has literally toiled so much in the retail industry that he was able to make the business profitable again under his management. The aspects of the business model of Briscoe is that it follows certain codes of conduct that appeals to the customers that prefer the company over other brands that are available in the market. The companys primary motto is to be truthful to the customers no matter what their selling strategy is. They wanted to abide by the law and never to surpass it even in the littlest of amounts. They valued their customers the most and built a trust and a brand name so trust worthy that they would be remembered in the years to come (Chesbrough, 2010). This shows how the business models of both Alibaba and Briscoe differ a lot as they are both in the retail business but follow two entirely different types of business models. The thing is to select which model appeals to be comfortable for the shareholders and the business CEOs to work on the company. The Briscoe has been in the market for over 5 decades and has not relatively touched the revenue generated by Alibaba as the website is instantly available to anyone in any corner of the world ("Alibaba Group", 2016). But Briscoe is a physical store that needs to be established in different parts of the country in order to be available for the customers to be accustomed. This shows that the digital era is slowly wiping of the traditional ways of business models. This is how the global business market operates. It changes overnight and it is the duty of the CEOs and the people of various companies to keep them updated on the changes that happen day-to-day. The era that has begun for the online retailing would one day be the sole leader in the retailer stores where there would simply be manufacturing units and warehouses (Gupta Bijlani, 2012). We would be ordering stuff from our homes with the press of a button and the logistics will deliver the products to our doorstep. It is not very far away. References 4 Ways the Digital Age Transformed Traditional Business Models. (2015).Inc.com. Retrieved 25 May 2016, from https://www.inc.com/bubba-page/4-ways-the-digital-age-transformed-traditional-business-models.html 6 Functions of a Business Model. (2008).ServiceXen Thoughts about Software Strategy, Marketing and Management. Retrieved 25 May 2016 Alibaba Group. (2016). Alibabagroup.com. Retrieved 25 May 2016 Business Model: What It Is and What It Is Not. (2016).Sciencedirect.com. Chesbrough, H. (2010). Business model innovation: opportunities and barriers.Long range planning,43(2), 354-363. Fernando, M. (2016). Introduction. InLeading Responsibly in the Asian Century(pp. 1-8). Springer International Publishing. Gambardella, A., McGahan, A. M. (2010). Business-model innovation: General purpose technologies and their implications for industry structure. Long range planning,43(2), 262-271. Gilbert, J., Henske, P., Singh, A. (2003). Rebuilding big pharma's business model.IN VIVO-NEW YORK THEN NORWALK-,21(10), 73-80. Gupta, S., Bijlani, T. (2012). E-Commerce in Asia: Challenges and Opportunities.Asia Business Insights. Hedman, J., Kalling, T. (2003). The business model concept: theoretical underpinnings and empirical illustrations.European journal of information systems,12(1), 49-59. India Suppliers, Factories, Traders, Manufacturers from the worlds largest online B2B marketplace-Alibaba.com. (2016). Johnson, M. W., Christensen, C. M., Kagermann, H. (2008). Reinventing your business model.Harvard business review,86(12), 57-68. Lunquist, S. (2009).U.S. Patent No. 7,624,057. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Lunquist, S. (2009).U.S. Patent No. 7,624,057. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Osawa, J. (2016).How to understand Alibaba's business model.Market Watch. Retrieved 25 May 2016 Osterwalder, A. (2004). The business model ontology: A proposition in a design science approach. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y. (2013).Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. John Wiley Sons. What Is the Purpose of a Business Model? (2016).Smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved 25 May 2016 Zhou, S. (2013). Logistics bottleneck of online retail industry in China. Journal of Supply Chain and Operations Management,11(2), 1-11.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

The Case †Boeing Commercial Aircraft Comeback

Table of Contents Introduction Reasons of downfall of Boeing Remedial Measures taken Future Demand Business tactics being followed Conflicts Recommendations Introduction The Boeing Company was started by William Boeing in 1916, in Seattle. The initial name was Pacific Aero Products Company that was later (1917) changed to Boeing Airplane Company. It was in 1919 that Boeing made history by carrying the earliest international mail.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Case – Boeing Commercial Aircraft: Comeback specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their association with the US military started in 1923. Until 1950, Boeing kept a low profile, but in 1950, based on speculations, it took a massive risk in deciding to manufacture a bigger aircraft that would serve a dual sales purpose; to military and to commercial airlines. The aircraft was named Dash 80 and the aircraft was ready in 1956. In 1966, Boeing de veloped the world famous 747. For the first time, Boeing ventured into sub-contracting of work. Most of the work of 747 was sub-contracted to Japanese companies Kawasaki, Fuji and Mitsubishi. During the years, Boeing has taken over companies like Vertol Aircraft Corporation (1960) and Hughes Space and Communications and also had a merger with Rockwell International aerospace and defense units (1996) and McDonnell Douglas (1997). After the debacle in the mid 1990s, Boeing staged a comeback in the year 2006. Its main competitor was Airbus. By mid-2006, it was able to garner sales orders for its newest entrant, the super-efficient wide bodied 787, apart from the existing 737 and 777 jets. Now Boeing has five aircraft â€Å"families† that differ in their size and capacity namely, the 737, 747, 767, 777, and 787. These have different seating capacities, ranging from 100 to 500. Each family again comes in different variants. On the other hand, Airbus has four families namely, the A 320, A300/310, A330/340, and A380. The seating capacity ranges from 100 to 550. It will better to understand the factors owing to the comeback of Boeing if we first evaluate the reasons of its downfall. The purpose of writing this report is to ascertain the factors leading to the comeback of Boeing Commercial Aircraft in the aviation market. Reasons of downfall of Boeing Owing to the competition and subsequent drop in the sales of its aircrafts, Boeing could not meet its breakeven point which, at that time, was 250 to 270 aircrafts. The development costs were also too high. Boeing spent almost $5 billion on the development of the 777 and $8 billion on the 787.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The performance of the airline industry and the demand of aircrafts are related in the sense that if the airlines are doing well, the demand for newer aircrafts will keep on pouring in, but if the airline industry is facing a slump, it will have an effect on the demand of aircrafts as well. After the terrorist attack in 2001, there was a steep decrease in airline travel and consequently, the demand of new aircrafts decreased. Figures reveal that the global airlines, as a whole, lost about $40 billion during the period 2001 to 2005. There are various other factors that lead to the low traffic turnover in the airlines industry; number of employees, multiple job performance, in-flight services, choice of airports, etc. After January 2004, there was a surge in jet fuel prices; more than doubled. As a result, the cost of jet fuel took 25% of the total operating costs, as compared to 10% in 2001. One of the major setbacks for Boeing happened in 1990, when the company decided to lower their prices in order to gain market share. The company also increased the production capacity subsequently to which, it had to hire thousands of extra workers. These workers had been b orrowed from the suppliers of Boeing. This was again an insane decision by the company. The suppliers fell short of labor and could not deliver the components on time. As a result, the production was delayed and Boeing had to shell out penalties to the tune of $1.6 billion. Remedial Measures taken Boeing learnt a bitter lesson from this debacle of 1990. The company then decided to follow the â€Å"Moonshine Creative Philosophy† and the policy of â€Å"Lean Production†. The company sent teams of its executives to Japan in order to study the manufacturing system of leading manufacturers of Japan, especially Toyota. The lean production system was evolved by Toyota, in place of the normally used mass production system. Ohno Taiichi, an employee of Toyota, was the one to develop this system. Ohno visited the US plants of Ford and was of the opinion that the mass production system was not good. He pointed out three major problems. Firstly, in mass production system, huge sto rage capacities are required to store huge inventories. This involved huge amount amounts of money for the warehouses. Secondly, if there is a defect in mass production system, a huge lot would be rejected because of the defect. This again will incur huge losses. Thirdly, the mass production system doesn’t allow customer specific production. Because the products were manufactured in bulk, hence any single product could not be different from the others. Further, Boeing executives noticed that large machineries were being used to manufacture small parts.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Case – Boeing Commercial Aircraft: Comeback specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More So they decided to invent new smaller machineries. Teams called â€Å"moonshiners† were formed for this purpose and were given the task. The team noticed that 80% of the components were less than 12 inches long, whereas much lo nger machines were being used. Adhering to the new systems of lean production and moonshine, the huge machineries were replaced with smaller ones that could be moved freely. One of the innovations of the moonshiners was the system of loading and fixing the seats. Initially, once the chairs were delivered, wheels were attached to each of them and transported in a container to the area near the aircraft. The container was lifted by an overhead crane and brought to the level of the aircraft’s surface. The seats were then rolled inside the aircraft and then fixed. This was a very time consuming job. The moonshiners invented a new method of loading the chairs through the passenger door. This process consumed almost 6 times less time. This change reduced the time of production to a great extent. The company could make customer specific products also and finally, big warehouses were not required due to the implementation of the just-in-time inventory system. These measures decreased the cost to a great extent. Apart from the inventions made by the moonshine teams, Boeing adopted various other measures to control the cost and expenses. One of the most important decisions was to change from the static line of assembly to the moving line of assembly. Normally, aircrafts are placed on platforms with ramps all around. Workers move in and out to bring parts and fix them. Once the work at a particular workstation is finished, moving the aircraft to another workstation is a cumbersome process. The aircraft has to be brought down on a moving platform and then slowly moved towards the other workstation. This involves too much time. So in 2001, Boeing installed a moving line of assembly at its Renton plant near Seattle. In this system, the aircraft is mounted on a platform that keeps moving at a speed of 2 inches per minute. The workers have enough time to fix the components. The platform passes through various stations where parts automatically arrive at the time they a re needed. This process involves lesser time and all the work is done in a systematic way. Each workstation has its own light system that has different lights for different status. So if there is a problem in any workstation, it is immediately detected and resolved. The effect of all these new methods was visible gradually. By the year 2005, the time required for assembling a 737 was reduced from twenty two hours to eleven hours. Also, the work in progress inventory was reduced by 55% and the stored inventory by 59%. All the production lines, except that of the 747, have been changed from static to movable.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Future Demand The future demand of aircrafts is mainly based on three aspects namely, speculations about the future worldwide economic growth, future demand for air travel, and the financial conditions of the world airlines. Both the major aircraft manufacturing companies Boeing and Airbus have their own predictions. According to Boeing’s 2006 report, the world economy was supposed to grow by 3.1% per annum, to be continued till the next 20 years. This projected growth was supposed to generate a growth of 4.8% in passengers and 6.1% in cargo. Based on these figures, Boeing came out with the figures that an estimated 27,210 new aircrafts (1360 per year) would be required within the next 20 years. The value of these aircrafts was put at $2.6 trillion. It is expected that out of these new aircrafts, 9580 will be replacements for those aircrafts that will have retired from the flying service. As per estimates, by 2025 the total number of aircrafts all over the world will be 35,97 0. In 2005 the figure was 17,330. Further, it is expected that North America will place almost 28% of the new orders, Asia Pacific 36% and Europe 24%. Business tactics being followed Owing to the profitability of the 747, Boeing had an upper hand in the larger jet segment. The 747 was the most profitable aircraft of its times, that gave Boeing a monopoly. But since the design was very old (1960s), it was sort of out dated. Moreover, many people believed that a new super jumbo aircraft with up to 900 seats would be in great demand. So during the 1990s, Boeing and Airbus initialized plans to develop a new aircraft in place of the old 747. Initially it was agreed between Boeing and Airbus that the project would be a joint one but later (1995), Boeing backed out saying that the costs were too much and the demands were not certain. So Airbus started working on the project on its own. The proposed aircraft was named A3XX, with a capacity of 500 passengers. Airbus forecasted the demand of such aircraft to be around 1,400 over the next 20 years. The cost of development was estimated to be around $9 billion which ultimately rose to $15 billion. In response to this, Boeing started drafting plans for newer versions of the 747 family namely, the 747-500X and the 747-600X. The 747-500X was to have a capacity of 460 passengers and a range of 8,700 miles and the 747-600X 550 passengers and a range of 7,700 miles. But in 1997, Boeing withdrew its plans citing limited market and high development costs ($7 billion) as the reasons. The company also considered the fact that the bigger wing span of the new versions of the 747 would require airports to modify their gates. Another reason cited by Boeing was that due to the increase in â€Å"point to point† flights across oceans the demand of such big aircrafts would not be too much. Instead, Boeing planned to come out with new versions of the 767 and the 777 that would have the capacity of flying up to 9,000 miles and passeng er capacity of 400. However, Airbus carried on with its plans to develop the A3XX mentioned earlier. In December 2000, the board of directors approved the development of the aircraft. The name given to the new aircraft was A380. The development costs were put at $12 billion and the plane was scheduled to start operation in 2006. Singapore Airlines was the one to start the operations. The aircraft was supposed to have twin decks, more leg room, and wider aisles. The capacity would be 555 passengers. According to Airbus, their new version would be able to carry 35% more passengers than the 747-400. Moreover, the cost per ticket would be 15 – 20 % less. It also stated that no change was required at the airport to accommodate the A380. But it was observed that London’s Heathrow airport had to spend about $450 million to make way for the aircraft. Eighteen US airports also had to spend around $1 billion to make changes at their respective airports. In response to this, in M arch 2001, Boeing formally made the announcement that it’s new â€Å"sonic cruiser† was capable of carrying 250 passengers with a flying capacity of 9000 miles. The speed was said to be just a little less than that of sound. The company claimed that the new aircraft would reduce the transatlantic journey by one hour and the transpacific journey by three hours. It was planned to make the sonic cruiser with low weight carbon fiber composites. This would keep the operational costs to a minimum. The offer seemed very interesting but due to the downslide in the aviation industry due to the 2001 disaster, both the parties became less interested. Again Boeing came up with another proposal. This time the conventional aircraft was to be developed using composite technology. The plane was given the name 7E7, where the ‘E’ stood for â€Å"efficient†. In 2005, the plane was renamed as 787. In April 2004, the 7E7 was launched with in-hand orders of 50 aircrafts worth $6 billion. The company that gave the order was Japan’s All Nippon Airlines. This was supposed to be the largest single order in Boeing’s history. The 7E7 was supposed to carry 200 to 300 passengers for up to 8500 miles. It had twin engines, two aisles and the body was quite wide. The features were suitable for long point to point flights. The plus point was that this version was a step ahead of its closest competitor, the A330-200. The 7E7 could fly 750 miles more than the A330-200. Another positive aspect of the 7E7 was that it was lighter and as such would consume about 20% less fuel. The seats and the aisles were also wider. The windows would be larger for a picturesque view. The 7E7 would gather pressure 6000 ft altitude as compared to the normal practice of 8000 ft. the humidity was to be 20 to 30 %. The estimated cost of the 7E7 would be $7 to $8 billions and the scheduled launch was in 2008. It was decided that almost 35% of the plane’s fuselage an d wing structure would be built by Boeing itself and the remaining work was planned to be subcontracted to various companies. The Japanese companies that had previously worked for Boeing namely Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Fuji Heavy Industries were subcontracted 35% of the work and around 26% of the work was subcontracted to Italian companies, mainly Alenia. Boeing also convinced the subcontractors to bear some share of the development costs. Boeing’s wide bodied plant at Everett, Washington was selected as the assembling place. The subcontracted work was supposed to be done by the subcontractors at their facilities and then shipped to Everett. In order to speed up the assembling, the parts from the subcontractors were proposed to be airlifted. The assembling time was also reduced to three days. Boeing was able procure good orders for the 787. In 2004, it booked 56 orders, in 2005 – 232 orders and in 2006 – 85 orders. The total was 373 aircrafts. The figures were beyond the breakeven point. Seeing the response of the 787, Airbus also announced its new model, the A350 that would compete with the 787. The capacity of the A350 was similar to that of the 787 (200 to 300 passengers). It was also made of composites. But unfortunately, Airbus could not garner that much response. The airlines were hesitant in placing the orders because they were of the opinion that the A350 did not match the 787 in quite some respects. The operating efficiency was not up to that level, the flying range was less and there were lesser amenities for the passengers’ comfort. Conflicts Due to the competition between Boeing and Airbus, there have been a lot conflicts and tensions between the two companies, with both companies blaming each other of enjoying unfair government subsidies. Airbus was able to get $13.5 billion as government subsidies from the period 1970 to 1990. A maximum of this amount was in the form of low interest lo ans. In 1992, both the companies reached an agreement to rubbish their differences and conflicts. The European Union negotiated the pact according to which the subsidies were fixed at 33% of the total cost of production of a new aircraft. This amount was supposed to be repaid, with interest, within a period of seventeen years. The indirect subsidies were fixed at 3% of the country’s annual commercial aerospace revenue. Recommendations If Boeing Company wants to continue being a feasible aircraft manufacturer, it should stop bothering about the short term gains. It should also stop investing in non-profitable ventures of developing new versions of aircrafts. This case study on The Case – Boeing Commercial Aircraft: Comeback was written and submitted by user Brian Nieves to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.